Elliptical Sentence Either/Neither

Either dan Neither digunakan untuk meringkas kalimat, namun khusus untuk kalimat negative. Dalam elliptical sentences yang menggunakan either dan neither memiliki rumus sebagai berikut:

…..and neither + auxiliary/to be/modal + S
… and S + aux iliary/to be/modal + not either

Contoh :

He didn’t go to school yesterday.

She didn’t go to school yesterday

He didin’t go to school yesterday, and neither did she.

Atau    :

He didn’t go to school yesterday, and She didn’t either.

Perlu diperhatikan dan selalu diingat bahwa Not dalam elliptical sentences selalu disingkat, digabungkan dengan to be atau auxiliary verb yang ada dalam kalimat yang akan diringkas.

Untuk lebih jelasnya, perhatikan contoh-contoh di bawah ini!

They  will not visit you.

I will not visit you.

They  will not visit you, and neither will I.

Atau

They  will not visit you, and I won’t either

He doesn’t do the home work.

I don’t do the home work.

He doesn’t do the home work, and neither do I.

Atau

He doesn’t do the home work, and I don’t either.

They don’t watch TV.

Toni doesn’t watch TV.

They don’t watch TV, and neither does Toni.

atau

They don’t watch TV, and Toni doesn’t either.

We haven’t eaten.

They haven’t eaten.

We haven’t eaten, and neither have they.

Atau

We haven’t eaten, and They haven’t either.

She hasn’t slept.

He hasn’t slept.

She hasn’t slept, and neither has he.

Atau

She hasn’t slept, and he hasn’t either.

Roni isn’t sleeping.

Tono isn’t sleeping.

Roni isn’t sleeping, and neither is Tono.

Atau

Roni isn’t sleeping, and Toni isn’t either.

Kerjakan soal-soal latihan di bawah ini!

1. She isn’t tall.

    He isn’t tall.

2. My mother doesn’t like pizza.

    My father doesn’t like pizza.

3. They didn’t get up early.

    I didn’t get up early.

4. Riska hasn’t done her homework.

    Riri hasn’t done her homework.

5. They can’t sing.

     I can’t sing.

6.  She isn’t singing.

     He isn’t singing.

7.  My sister doesn’t study everyday.

     Your sister doesn’t study everyday.

Answer Key:

1. She isn’t tall, and neither is he. / She isn’t tall, and he isn’t either. 2. My mother doesn’t like pizza, and neither does my father. / my mother doesn’t like pizza, and my father doesn’t either. 3. They didn’t get up early, and neither did I. / they didn’t get up early, and I didn’t either. 4. Riska hasn’t done her homework, and neither has Riri. / Riska hasn’t done her homework, and Riri hasn’t either. 5. They can’t sing, and neither can I. / they can’t sing, and I can’t either. 6. She isn’t singing, and neither is he. / She isn’t singing, and he isn’t either. 7. My sister doesn’t study everyday, and neither does your sister. / My sister doesn’t study everyday, and your sister doesn’t either.

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Elliptical Sentence Too/So

Elliptical Sentence adalah gabungan dua kalimat yang berbeda subyeknya tetapi predikatnya sama, dan digunakan untuk menghindari pengulangan kata. Tujuan dari dibentuknya kalimat elip yaitu untuk menyampaikan pernyataan secara sederhana dan sekaligus menghindari pengulangan unsur kalimat yang sama.

Kalimat Elip dalam bahasa Inggris pada umumnya menggunakan too (juga), so (juga), either (juga tidak), Neither (juga tidak), but (tetapi) dengan auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu)

too dan so

too dan so  digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat positif yang memiliki prediket yang sama. Jadi anda harus selalu ingat bahwa too dan so  hanya digunakan untuk kalimat positif saja.

Berikut ini rumusnya:

... (+) ..., and + Subyek + Auxiliary + too

...(+)..., and + so + Auxiliary + Subyek

Contoh:

Siti Zulaiha is beautiful. Jupe is Beautiful.

So

Siti Zulaiha is beautiful, and so is Jupe.

Too

Siti Zulaiha is beautiful, and Jupe is too.

Simple present tense: Is, am, are

I =============am

You/we/they============are

She/he/it=================is

Contoh:

I am tall. She is tall.

I am tall, and so is she.

I am tall, and she is too.

My mother is in Jakarta now. My father is in Jakarta now.

My mother is in Jakarta now, and so is my father.

My mother is in Jakarta now, and my father is too.

Simple present tense: Do/Does

Yang di atas adalah contoh pemakaian so dan too dengan menggunakan is, am, are. Dan yang dibawah ini contoh-contoh dengan menggunakan do/does.

I/you/we/they===========do

She/he/it=============does

She goes to school at 6. He goes to school at 6.

She goes to school at 6, and so does he.

She goes to school at 6, and he does too.

They buy a new car. I buy a new car

They buy a new car, and so do I.

They buy a new car, and I do too.

Simple past tense: Was dan were

I/she/he/it============was

You/they/we==========were

 I was in Jambi in 1990. They were in Jambi in 1990.

I was in Jambi in 1990, and so were they.

I was in Jambi in 1990, and They were too.

Simple past tense: Did

I /you/we/they/she/he/ie ============did

Toni went to Malaysia. John went to Malaysia.

Toni went to Malaysia, and so did John.

Toni went to Malaysia, and John did too.

Present perfect

I /you/we/they===========have

She/he/it ===============has

 I have eaten. She has eaten.

I have eaten, and so has she.

I have eaten, and she has too.

They have come here. She has come here.

They have come here, and so has she.

They have come here, and she has too.

Present continuous tense

 You are speaking. He is  speaking.

You are speaking, and so is he.

You are speaking, and he is too.

Shinta is singing. Jojo is singing.

Shinta is singing, and so is Jojo.

Shinta is singing, and Jojo is too.

Simple Future Tense

I /you/we/they/she/he/it============will

They will sleep. She will sleep.

They will sleep, and so will she.

They will sleep, and she will too.

Untuk saat ini saya jelaskan tentang  too dan so saja dulu ya…yang lainnya menyusul.

Latihan I

1. Riska is tall. Toni is tall.

2. Dina eats pizza everyday. My sisters eat pizza everyday.

3. They go swimming every Sunday. Toni goes swimming every Sunday.

4. Rina got up at 6. I got up at 6.

5. She has slept. He has slept.

6. My mother will watch TV. My father will watch TV.

7. He was here. You were here.

8. I can sing. You can sing.

9. John is playing soccer. Beni is playing soccer.

10. We bought a new car. She bought a new car.

Answer Key:

1. Riska is tall, and so is Toni/Riska is tall, and Toni is too. 2. Dina eats pizza everyday, and so do my sisters./Dina eats pizza everyday, and My sisters do too. 3. They go swimming every Sunday, and so does Toni./They go swimming every Sunday, and Toni does too. 4. Rina got up at 6, and so did I./ Rina got up at 6, and I did too. 5. She has slept, and so has he./ She has slept, and He has too. 6. My mother will watch TV, and so will my father. / My mother will watch TV, and My father will too. 7. He was here, and so were you. / He was here, and you were too. 8. I can sing, and so can you. / I can sing, and you can too. 9. John is playing soccer, and so is Beni. / John is playing soccer, and Beni is too. 10. We bought a new car, and so did she. / We bought a new car, and she did too.

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Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif) - Present Continous Tense

Kalimat pasif dalam Present Continuous Tense  tidaklah sulit, berikut ini rumusnya:

Positif               : subjek + is/am/are + being + VIII

Negative           : subjek + is/am/are + not + being + VIII

Pertanyaan       : is/am/are + Subjek + being + VIII

Contoh:

Aktif    

Positif               : She is reading the English book.

Negative           : She is not reading the English book.

Pertanyaan       : Is she reading the English book?

Pasif    

Positif               : The book is being read by her.

Negative           : The book is not being read by her.

Pertanyaan       : Is the book being read by her?

Aktif                

Positif               : They are sending the letters.

Negative           : They are  not sending the letters.

Pertanyaan       : Are they sending the letters?

Pasif   

Positif               : The letters are being sent by them.

Negative           : The letters are not being sent by them.

Pertanyaan       : Are the letters being sent by them?

Kerjakan soal-soal latihan di bawah ini:

Latihan I

Example:

The letter/send

The letter is being sent

1. The fish / fry
2. The cars / wash
3. The film / not / watch
4. The song / not / sing
5. The files / print / ?

Answer Key:

1. The fish is being fried. 2. The cars are being washed 3. The film is not being watched. 4. The song is not being sung. 5. Are the files being printed? Yes, they are / No, they are not. 

Latihan II

Rubahlah menjadi kalimat pasif

1. My mother is washing the dishes.
2. They are boxing the boys.
3. Is the cat eating the fish?
4. I am typing a letter.
5. Tono is not kicking the ball.

Answer Key:

1. The dishes are being washed by my mother. 2. The boys are being boxed by them. 3. Is the fish being eaten by the cat? 4. A letter is being typed by me. 5. The ball is not being kicked by Tono

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Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif) - Present Perfect Tense

Berikut ini rumus untuk membuat kalimat pasif dalam present perfect tense :

                                                                                                                       

Positif               : subjek + have/has + been + VIII

Negative           : Subjek + have/has + not + been + VIII

Pertanyaan       : Has/Have + Subjek + been + VIII

Contoh            

Aktif

I have eaten the cake.

I haven’t eaten the cake

Have you eaten the cake?

Pasif

The cake has been eaten by me.

The cake hasn’t been eaten by me.

Has the cake been eaten by you?

Aktif

She has done her homework.

She hasn’t done her homework.

Has she done her homework?

Pasif

Her homework has been done by her.

Her homework hasn’t been done by her.

Has her homework been done by her?

Contoh soal

Latihan I

Example:

the letter / send

The letter has been sent.

1. the flowers / water

2. the book / read

3. the TV / turn off

4. the car / wash

5. the house / sell

Answer Key:

1. The flowers have been watered. 2. The book has been read. 3. The TV has been turned off. 4. The car has been washed. 5. The house has been sold.

Latihan II

Rubahlah menjadi kalimat pasif!

1. She hasn’t sung the song.

2. Have they written a story?

3. Riska hasn’t sold the car.

4. Has the boy cleaned the floor?

5. The cat has eaten the fish.

Answer Key:

1. The song hasn’t been sung by her. 2. Has a story been written by them? 3. The car hasn’t been sold by Riska. 4. Has the floor been cleaned by the boy? 5. The fish has been eaten by the cat.

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Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif) - Simple Future Tense

Berikut ini rumus kalimat pasif dalam Simple Future Tense :

Positif               : subjek + will/shall + be + VIII

Negative           : Subjek + will/shall + not + be + VIII

Pertanyaan       : will/shall + subjek + be  + VIII

Contoh:

Aktif

They will buy a car.

They will not buy a car.

Will they buy a car?

Pasif

A car will be bought by them.

A car will not be bought by them.

Will a car be bought by them?

Aktif

Tono will fly a kite.

Tono will not fly a kite.

Will Tono fly a kite?

Pasif

A kite will be flown by Tono.

A kite will not be flown by Tono.

Will a kite be flown by Tono?

Latihan I

Example:

The book / read

The book will be read.

1. He / kill

2. Roni / give a present

3. The juice / drink

4. the fish / fry

5. The dishes / keep in the cupboard

Answer Key:

1. He will be killed. 2. Roni will be given a present. 3. The juice will be drunk. 4. The fish will be fried. 5. The dishes will be kept in the cupboard.

Latihan II

Rubahlah menjadi kalimat pasif!

1. I will bring 20 books to school.

2. She will close the door.

3. They will not wipe the window.

4. We will break the toy.

5. He will kick the boy.

Answer Key:

1. 20 books will be brought to school by me. 2. The door will be closed by her. 3. The window will not be wiped by them. 4. The toy will be broken by us. 5. The boy will be kicked by him.

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Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif) - Simple Past Tense

Dalam membuat kalimat pasif dalam simple present tense, kita menggunakan is, am, are . Sedangkan di dalam simple past tense kita menggunakan was, were. Perhatikan rumus di bawah ini:

Positif               : Subjek + was/were + VIII

Negatif             : Subjek + was/were + not + VIII

Pertanyaan       : Was/were + subjek + VIII

I========== was

She/he/it=============was

You/we/they================were

Contoh kalimat:

Aktif     : He wrote the letter.

              He didn’t write the letter.

              Did he write the letter?

Pasif     : The letter was written by him.

              The letter wasn’t written by him.

              Was the letter written by him?

Aktif     : She printed the file.

             

Pasif     :  The file was printed by her.

              The file wasn’t printed by her.

              Was the file printed by her?

Aktif     : They bought the cars.

              They didn’t buy the cars

              Did they buy the cars?

Pasif     : The cars were bought by them.

              The cars weren’t bought by them.

              Were the cars bought by them?

Mudah bukan…sekarang coba kerjakan soal-soal latihan di bawah ini;

Rubahlah kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini menjadi kalimat pasif!

    1. I didn’t water the flowers.
    2. She visited her brother.
    3. Toni sang the song.
    4. A thief stole my cars.
    5. They didn’t win the prize.
    6. Did John send the letter?
    7. I didn’t read the book.
    8. Dila washed the bike.
    9. Nanda didn’t clean the window.
    10. Irfan flew the kite.

Answer Key:

1. The flowers weren’t watered by me. 2. Her brother was visited by her. 3. The song was sung by Toni. 4. My cars were stolen by the thief. 5. The prize was not won by them. 6. Was the letter sent by John? 7. The book wasn’t read by me. 8. The bike was washed by Dila. 9. The window wasn’t cleaned by Nanda. 10. The kite was flown by Irfan

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Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif) - Simple Present Tense

Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif) adalah kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai pekerjaan atau dikenai perbuatan.

Ciri-ciri :
1. Subjeknya sebagai penderita.
2. Arti dari kata kerjanya berawalan di-, ter-, atau ,ter-kan.

3. Kalimat pasif dalam bahasa Inggris selalu memakai kata kerja bentuk ke-3/past participle.

Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:

Aktif     : Siti Zuleha reads a biology book. (Siti Juleha membaca sebuah buku biologi)

Pasif     : A biology book is read by Siti Zuleha. (Sebuah buku biologi dibaca oleh Siti Zuleha)

Aktif     : Rita writes a story. (Rita  menulis sebuah cerita.)

Pasif     : A story is written by Rita (Sebuah cerita ditulis oleh Rita.)

Dari contoh-contoh di atas, kita bisa melihat perubahan dari kalimat aktif ke pasif. Pada kalimat aktif, si subjek yang melakukan pekerjaan atau perbuatan, sedangkan pada kalimat pasif si subjek yang dikenai pekerjaan atau perbuatan.

Sebenarnya pada kalimat pasif yang ditekankan adalah pekerjaannya atau perbuatannya/verbnya, dan tidak terlalu penting siapa atau apa yang melakukan perkejaan itu. Oleh karena itu kita tidak harus selalu memakai kata “by…/oleh…” dalam kalimat pasif.

Contoh:

My car was stolen. (Mobil saya dicuri.)

Pada contoh di atas, tidak terdapat  kata “by…” dan kalimat pasif tersebut juga benar.

Passive Voice:  Simple Present Tense

Kalimat pasif dalam simple present tense tidaklah terlalu sulit. Jika kita ingin membuat kalimat pasif dalam simple present tense, kita memerlukan is, am, are. Berikut ini rumus untuk membuat kalimat pasif dalam simple present tense:

Positif               : Subjek + is/am/are + past participle/V3

Negatif             : Subjek + is/am/are + Not + Past Participle

Pertanyaan       : is/am/are + Subjek + Past Participle

Contoh:

Aktif     : They borrow the book.
                They don't borrow the book.
                Do they borrow the book?

Pasif     : The book is borrowed by them.

               The book is not borrowed by them.

               Is the book borrowed by them?

Aktif     : She repairs this blue car.
               She does not repair this blue car.
               Does she repair this blue car?

Pasif     : This blue car is repaired by her.

               This blue car is not repaired by her.

               Is the blue car  repaired by her?

Catatan:

Perhatikan kata-kata yang saya cetak tebal pada contoh-contoh di atas! Kata yang saya cetak tebal pada kalimat aktif tersebut adalah  subjek pronoun. Jika anda ingin merubah menjadi kalimat pasif dan anda ingin memasukan “by…” maka gantinlah menjadi object pronoun.

Sekarang kerjakan latihan soal  di bawah ini dan untuk mengetahui jawabannya bisa klik "answer key" yang ada di bagian bawah.

Latihan I

Contoh:

The document/print

Jawab: The document is printed.

   
    1. The window / open
    2. My car / wash
    3. The book / not /  read
    4. The juice / not / drink
    5. The food / not/ eat
    6. The TV / watch / ?
    7. The tofu / fry / ?

Latihan II
Rubahlah kalimat-kalimat aktif di bawah ini menjadi kalimat pasif

    1. Toni sings the song.
    2. They eat the food.
    3. Siti Zuleha washes the dishes every day.
    4. I buy a new pen.
    5. John studies English every day.
    6. I draw a picture.
    7. She does not write the story.
    8. Does your mother cook the food?
    9. Do they sing the song?
    10. He doesn’t help us.
 

Answer Key:

Latihan I 1. The window is opened. 2. My car is washed. 3. The book is not read. 4. The juice is not drunk. 5. The food is not eaten. 6. Is the TV watched? 7. Is the tofu fried? Latihan II 1. The song is sung by Toni. 2. The food is eaten by them. 3. The dishes are washed by Siti Zuleha every day. 4. A new pen is bought by me. 5. English is studied by John every day. 6. A picture is drawn by me. 7. The story is not written by her. 8. Is the food cooked by your mother? 9. Is the song sung by them? 10. We are not helped by him.

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Penggunaan Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam penggunaan modal auxiliary;

1. Dalam sebuah kalimat tidak boleh ada dua buah modal auxiliary. Kalau Anda dihadapkan dengan 2 buah modals (Dalam bahasa Indonesia, misalnya, "saya harus bisa ..." maka modals yang kedua, harus diubah ke bentuk lain yang mempunyai arti yang sama.
2. Kata Kerja sesudah modal auxiliary harus bentuk pertama.
3. Modal akan selalu sama bentuknya dan tidak berubah apapun subjeknya. Misalnya can yang bisa digunakan untuk semua subjek dan tidak berubah apapun subjeknya.

Sekarang perhatikan penjelasan beberapa modal auxiliary di bawah ini:

CAN
Dipakai untuk menyatakan:

1. Kesanggupan atau kemahiran seseorang.
Contoh:

   - Tono can play the guitar well.

   - She can speak English.

2. Minta izin.
Contoh:

   - Can she watch TV in this room?

   - Can I visit your sister?

3. Kemungkinan.
Contoh:

   - He can be sick. (mungkin dia sakit).

COULD
Adalah bentuk Past Tense dari CAN dan bentuknya sama untuk semua subyek. Namun dalam penggunaannya tidak selamanya berarti past time (masa lalu).

COULD dipakai untuk menyatakan:

1. Bentuk lampau dari Can.
Contoh:

   - Mary could swim when she was young.

2. Permintaan dengan sopan.
Contoh:

   - Could you help me now?

   - Could you give me money?

3. Kemungkinan.
Contoh:

   - He could be the 1^st winner.

SHALL
Digunakan untuk menyatakan:

1. Artinya "akan" dalam bentuk Future Tense.
Contoh:

   - We shall go to Jakarta next week.

2. Menawarkan Bantuan.
Contoh:

   - Shall I help you?

   - Shall I do your homework?

3. Janji.
Contoh:

   - I shall meet you tomorrow.

SHOULD
Digunakan untuk menyatakan:

1. Bentuk lampau dari shall.
    Contoh:

   - When you borrow my book, you should read it.

2. Anjuran (Artinya "sebaiknya").
    Contoh:

   - You are sick; you should go to the hospital soon.

   - She is hungry. she should eat

3. Keharusan
    Dalam hal ini SHOULD sama artinya dengan Ought to.
    Contoh:

   - You should (ought to) do your homework every day.

   - He should (ought to) study hard.

4. Dalam bentuk lampaunya berarti menunjukkan suatu kegiatan yang seharusnya dikerjakan tetapi kenyataannya tidak dikerjakan. Atau dapat juga berarti penyesalan dimasa lampau.

Contoh:

    - John should (ought to) have done his homework. (Dalam kenyataannya John tidak mengerjakan    PR - he did not do homework).

WILL
Digunakan untuk menyatakan:
1. Artinya "akan" dalam bentuk Future Simple Tense,

Contoh:

   - I will buy a new car next week.

   - She will eat.

2. Permintaan dengan sopan atau menawarkan.
Contoh:

   - Will you give this book to her?

   - Will you go swimming with me?

WOULD
Digunakan untuk menyatakan:
1. Bentuk lampau dari Will yang berarti "akan".
Contoh:

   - She knows that it would be pleasant in Jambi.

2. Suatu permohonan/permintaan dengan sopan.
Contoh:

   - Would you help me, please?

   - Would you mind singing a song for me?

3. Jika digabung dengan kata LIKE menunjukkan hasrat atau keinginan
Contoh:

   - I would like to eat.

   - Would you like to have lunch in the restaurant?

4. Digabung dengan kata "rather" menunjukkan arti Lebih suka (prefer).
Contoh:

   - I would rather be a doctor than a president.

   - I would rather have stayed home than went to the movies.

MAY
Kata kerja bantu yang berarti "boleh/mungkin" yang digunakan untuk menyatakan:
1. Permohonan izin.
Contoh:

   - May I drink now? No, you may not. 

2. Permohonan atau harapan.
Contoh:

   - May you both the happy.

   - May God bless you.

MIGHT
Bentuk lampau (past tense) dari MAY, namun pemakaiannya juga dapat untuk masa kini atau masa yang akan  datang.
Contoh:

   - I told him that he might go home. (Saya beritahukan kepadanya bahwa ia boleh pulang).

MUST
Kata kerja bantu yang berarti harus atau wajib, digunakan untuk menyatakan:
1. Keharusan/mesti.
Contoh:

   - You must go now.

   - I must sleep now.

2. Dalam kalimat menyangkal (negatif) dan membuat jawaban dari kalimat tanya, selalu digunakan NEED NOT atau Needn't bukan musn't (must not).
Contoh:

   - Must I go now? Yes, you must./ yes, you need.

   - Must she pay it? No, she needn't.

   - You needn't go now. (Anda tidak perlu pergi sekarang) bukan musn't.

   - She need not come here.

3. Must not (musn't) menunjukkan (berarti) larangan atau tidak boleh.
Contoh:

   - You must not play in the class. (Anda dilarang bermain  di dalam kelas).

   - Susan mustn't swim alone. (Susan tidak boleh (dilarang) berenang  sendirian).

4. Must = Have to (she/he has to) berarti harus.
Contoh:

   - You must (have to) bring  this pen. (Anda harus membawa pena inii).

   - She must (has to) study today. (Dia harus belajar  hari ini).

5. Must tidak mempunyai bentuk Past Tense. Bentuk lampau yang berarti "harus/mesti" adalah HAD TO, dan bentuknya sama untuk semua obyek.
Contoh:

   - I had to buy a new book yesterday. (Saya kemarin harus memebeli sebuah buku baru).

OUGHT TO = SHOULD
1. Kata kerja bantu yang artinya sebaiknya atau seharusnya.
Contoh:

   - She ought to be here now.

   - Ought she to come here again?

2. Menyatakan tugas/pekerjaan yang tidak terselesaikan/terpenuhi atau terabaikan. Biasanya dalam bentuk Perfect Infinitives
Contoh:

   - The work ought to have been finished last week. (Pekerjaan itu seharusnya sudah diselesaikan pekan lalu).

NEED
Need artinya "Perlu" dan digunakan sebagai:
1. Untuk membuat kalimat negatif dan jawaban dari pertanyaan yang memakai MUST
Contoh:

   - I must go now.     (Positif).

   - I needn't go now. (Negatif). bukan: I mustn't go now, karena kalimat ini berarti.: (Saya dilarang pergi sekarang).

   - Must I go now? No, you needn't atau Yes, you must.

2. Sebagai kata kerja biasa yang berarti "perlu" dan mengalami perubahan bentuk.

   - need � needs    (Present Tense)

   - needed �          (Past Tense).

Dalam hal ini, bentuk interrogative dan negative-nya dibuat dengan auxiliary verb "do/does" untuk present tense, dan dengan "did" untuk past tense, sebagaimana umumnya kata kerja biasa.
Contoh:

   - We need some milk.

   - We don't need any milk.

   - Do we need any milk?

   - Tini doesn't need much money.

   - Did Anton need to meet with you?

   - Anton didn’t need to go with you.

   - Anton needs to go with you.

DARE
Artinya "berani" dan digunakan sebagai:
1. Kata kerja bantu
   Contoh:

   - He dare go there alone.

   - Dare he swim alone?

   - I dare not climb the tree.

Catatan:
"DARE" jika berfungsi sebagai Kata Kerja Bantu tidak memakai "S" untuk orang ketiga tunggal, jadi untuk kalimat nomor I, bukan: She/He dares.

2. Kata kerja biasa
Kalau DARE berfungsi sebagai kata kerja biasa, maka pemakaiannya sama seperti kata kerja biasa lainnya, yaitu dalam kalimat tanya dan negatif menggunakan auxiliary verb. Do/Does atau Did.

Contoh:

   - She doesn't dare to go there alone.

   - Does he dare to come here again?

   - I don't dare to climb the tree.

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Adjectives dengan -ed dan -ing

Adjective  itu ada yang menggunakan   –ing dan juga  –ed. Pembahasan kali ini kita akan membahas mengenai adjective dengan  –ing dan juga –ed.

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:

I am interested in English.

Pada  contoh di atas terdapat kata sifat, yaitu interested. Apabila adjective dengan  –ed maka adjective tersebut menunjukan perasaan si subjek terhadap sesuatu. Pada contoh “I am intereseted in English” menunjukan bahwa subjek “I” merasa tertarik kepada bahasa Inggris.

Contoh lain:

I am bored

Pada kalimat ini terdapat adjective “bored” yang berarti bahwa si subjek I merasa bosan terhadap sesuatu hal.

Jika adjective yang berakhiran –ing  menunjukan  perasaan yang dihasilkan oleh sesuatu. Masih bingung? Sekarang perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:

I am interesting.

I am boring.

Jika kalimatnya  “I am interested” berarti bahwa si subjek merasa tertarik terhadap sesuatu, sedangkan jika kalimatnya “I am interesting” berarti bahwa si subjek yang menarik. Pada kalimat  “I am bored” berarti bahwa si subjek merasa bosan terhadap sesuatu hal, sedangkan jika kalimatnya  “ I am boring” berarti si subjek itulah yang membosankan. Saya jelaskan kembali bahwa jika kita ingin mengatakan atau mengutarakan perasaan kita bahwa kita merasa bosan terhadap sesuatu harus menggunakan “bored” bukan “boring”. Karena maknanya berbeda. Jika “I am bored” berarti kita yang merasa bosan terhadap sesuatu. Jika “I am boring” berarti kitalah yang membosankan. Begitu juga dangan “I am interested” berarti saya yang tertarik, jika “I am interesting” mempunyai makna bahwa saya ini menarik.

Di bawah ini adalah sedikit contoh  kata sifat dengan –ed dan juga –ing dan juga bentuk verb/kata kerjanya dan juga noun/kata benda dari kata tersebut.

Verb	Adjective: -ed	Adjective: -ing	Noun
Amaze Amuse Challenge Entertain Excite Exhaust Flatter Relax Satisfy Surprise Tempt Bore Annoy Confuse Disappoint Disturb Frighten	Amazed Amused Challenged Entertained Excited Exhausted Flattered Relaxed Satisfied Surprised Tempted Bored Annoyed Confused Disappointed Disturbed Frightened	Amazing Amusing Challenging Entertaining Exciting Exhausting Flattering Relaxing Satisfying Surprising Tempting Boring Annoying Confusing Disappointing Disturbing Frightening	Amazement Amusement A challenge Entertainment Excitement Exhaustion Flattery Relaxation Satisfaction Surprise Temptation Boredom Annoyance Confusion Disappointment disturbance Fright

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The Correct Adjectives Order

Terkadang dalam bahasa Inggris kita sering membuat kalimat dengan menggunakan lebih dari satu kata sifat.  Dalam hal ini kita haruslah mengetahui urutan-urutan kata sifat tersebut, yang mana yang harus lebih dulu dan yang mana yang terakhir.

Contoh:

I have short black hair.

She has a big blue house.

Agar kita tidak bingung dalam menyusun adjectives tersebut, perhatikan aturan di bawah ini.

Determiner – Opini – Ukuran – Usia – Bentuk – Warna – Asal-usul – Material -Purpose + Noun (kata benda)

Opini/opinion

ini menjelaskan opini kita tentang sesuatu benda. Misalnya: beautiful, silly, horrible, handsome.

Size/ukuran

ini menjelaskan ukuran dari benda itu, misalnya: big, small, little, large, tiny,dll.

Age/umur/usia

ini adalah umur atau usia benda tersebut. misalnya: old, new, young, ancient.

Shape/bentuk

ini menjelaskan bentuk benda tersebut. misalnya: square, circle, flat, round, dll.

Color/warna

ini menjelaskan warna benda tersebut.

Origin/asal usul

ini untuk menjelaskna asal ususl bend tersebut, misalnya: lunar, Indonesian, American,dll

Material

ini menjelaskan material atau bahan buatan benda tersebut. misalnya; wooden, metal, cotton,dll.

Purpose

untuk menjelaskan tujuan benda itu atau mamfaat benda itu. misalnya: sleeping (mislanya pada : sleeping bag)

Contoh:

a silly young English man

a=determiner

silly=opinion

young=age

English=origin

man=noun

black straight hair

black=color

straight=shape

hair=noun

Aturan di atas adalah aturan yang biasa dipakai, dan tentu dengan mengikuti aturan di atas, susunan adjective yang kita buat akan menjadi benar. Disamping itu perlu diketahui bahwa urutan-urutan adjective tidaklah tetap, dan aturan di atas adalah aturan yang umum yang biasa dipakai seperti yang telah saya katakan sebelumnya.

Determiner adalah kata seperti a, an, the, this, that. Kata-kata ini juga merupakan jenis adjective.
Contoh:

• a beautiful, purple doll
• a small, square table

Adjective yang merupakan opini ditempatkan sebelum adjective yang merupakan fakta. Contoh:

• “A long, dark tunnel” atau “A long dark tunnel” keduanya dapat dipakai.

Dengan dua atau lebih adjective warna, digunakan and. Contoh:

• She’s got a black and white kitten.

Dua adjective selain warna tidak menggunakan and. Contoh:

• She’s got a little, black kitten.

Kalimat “She’s got a little and black kitten” tidak benar.
Semoga penjelasan singkat ini bermamfaat.

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Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense digunakan untuk kegiatan yang terjadi dalam sebuah periode waktu. Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

1.  Kita bisa menggunakan past continuous tense untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang terjadi dimasa lampau dan pada saat kejadian itu terjadi ada kejadian/kegiatan lain yang menyela, memutus atau menginterupsi kejadian yang sedang terjadi tersebut. Kejadian yang sedang terjadi tersebut adalah dalam bentuk past continuous tense dan merupakan aktifitas yang lebih lama atau longer action. Peristiwa yang menyela atau memutus kejadian utama (past continuous tense) dibuat dalam bentuk simple past tense.

Contoh:

I was watching TV when she called.

When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.

While John sleeping last night, someone stole his car.

Note: Pengetahuan anda tentang simple past tense sangatlah diperlukan.

2.   Past continuous tense juga bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan dua kegiatan atau lebih yang terjadi secara pararel dan terjadi pada waktu yang sama.

Contoh:

While he was making dinner, I was studying.

You were listening to music while he was talking.

Ellen was reading while John watching TV.

Pada contoh “while he was making dinner, I was studying” terdapat dua kegiatan yang terjadi secara bersamaan, yaitu “making dinner” dan “studying”. Begitu juga pada contoh-contoh lainnya.

Untuk membuat kalimat past continuous tense kita menggunakan bentuk ke 2 dari is, am, dan are yaitu;

Is, am ----------- was

Are ------------- were

Setelah was/ were  kita masukan verb + ing.

Contoh:

I was walking while she was running.

She was eating when I called.

While they were talking, the man took their picture.

Untuk membuat kalimat negative, teman-teman bisa menambahkan “not” setelah “was/were”.

When VS. While

Dalam past continuous tense kita sering memakai when/while. Jika kita memakai when  maka kalimat yang kita letakkan sesudah when  adalah dalam bentuk simple past tense. Jika kita memakai while maka kalimat yang kita letakkan adalah dalam bentuk past continuous tense.

Contoh;

When

 She was talking when I took her picture.

When they came, I was sleeping.

Note: Jika kita meletakkan when  pada awal kalimat seperti pada contoh ke dua di atas, maka jangan lupa meletakkan  koma (,).

While

I called my mother while she was watching TV.

While my mother watching TV, I called her.

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